Closed-loop multilayer piezoelectric ceramic stack

• The electric drivers all contain four resistance strain gauges that are directly connected to the piezoelectric drivers in a Wheatstone bridge structure. These drivers are suitable for closed-loop systems that can monitor and use strain signals to determine piezo-controlled drive voltages. Compared with the open-loop configuration, the closed-loop configuration can strengthen the control and grasp of the driver displacement during the working process. In addition, the closed-loop configuration can compensate for hysteresis effects.